{
  "timeline": [
    {"year":1789,"rate":8.5,"label":"Hamilton's Tariff"},
    {"year":1792,"rate":13.5},
    {"year":1800,"rate":15},
    {"year":1810,"rate":18},
    {"year":1816,"rate":25},
    {"year":1820,"rate":30},
    {"year":1828,"rate":61.7,"label":"Tariff of Abominations"},
    {"year":1833,"rate":40},
    {"year":1840,"rate":20},
    {"year":1846,"rate":25},
    {"year":1850,"rate":24},
    {"year":1857,"rate":17},
    {"year":1861,"rate":36.2,"label":"Morrill Tariff"},
    {"year":1865,"rate":48},
    {"year":1870,"rate":45},
    {"year":1875,"rate":42},
    {"year":1880,"rate":43},
    {"year":1885,"rate":45},
    {"year":1890,"rate":49.5,"label":"McKinley Tariff"},
    {"year":1894,"rate":40},
    {"year":1897,"rate":46.5},
    {"year":1900,"rate":44},
    {"year":1910,"rate":40},
    {"year":1913,"rate":27},
    {"year":1920,"rate":16},
    {"year":1922,"rate":38},
    {"year":1930,"rate":59.1,"label":"Smoot-Hawley"},
    {"year":1935,"rate":46},
    {"year":1940,"rate":36},
    {"year":1947,"rate":25,"label":"GATT Founded"},
    {"year":1950,"rate":13},
    {"year":1955,"rate":12},
    {"year":1960,"rate":12},
    {"year":1967,"rate":8.5,"label":"Kennedy Round"},
    {"year":1970,"rate":8},
    {"year":1975,"rate":6},
    {"year":1979,"rate":5.7,"label":"Tokyo Round"},
    {"year":1985,"rate":5},
    {"year":1990,"rate":4.8},
    {"year":1995,"rate":4.3,"label":"WTO Established"},
    {"year":2000,"rate":3.5},
    {"year":2002,"rate":4.8,"label":"Bush Steel Tariffs"},
    {"year":2005,"rate":3.2},
    {"year":2009,"rate":3.8,"label":"Obama Tire Tariffs"},
    {"year":2012,"rate":3.1},
    {"year":2015,"rate":3.0},
    {"year":2018,"rate":6.5,"label":"Trump 1.0 Trade War"},
    {"year":2020,"rate":5.8},
    {"year":2022,"rate":5.2},
    {"year":2024,"rate":5.5},
    {"year":2025,"rate":22.5,"label":"Trump 2.0 Tariffs"},
    {"year":2026,"rate":24.2}
  ],
  "eras": [
    {
      "id":"hamilton","name":"Hamilton's Tariff","year":1789,"endYear":1816,"rate":"8.5%",
      "context":"The first tariff act, designed primarily to raise revenue for the new federal government. Alexander Hamilton advocated for protective tariffs to nurture infant American industries.",
      "impact":"Raised ~$4.4M annually, funding about 90% of federal government operations. Began the American tradition of protectionism."
    },
    {
      "id":"abominations","name":"Tariff of Abominations","year":1828,"endYear":1833,"rate":"61.7%",
      "context":"The highest tariff rate in American history. Designed to protect Northern manufacturers, it was despised by Southern states who relied on cheap imported goods and feared retaliation against cotton exports.",
      "impact":"Nearly caused South Carolina to secede (Nullification Crisis). Southern planters saw costs rise 30-40%. Led to the Compromise Tariff of 1833 that gradually reduced rates."
    },
    {
      "id":"morrill","name":"Morrill Tariff","year":1861,"endYear":1870,"rate":"36.2%",
      "context":"Passed just before the Civil War, raising rates to fund the Union war effort and protect Northern industry. Southern states had blocked tariff increases for decades.",
      "impact":"Doubled import duties. Funded the war effort and accelerated Northern industrialization. Became a pillar of the Republican economic platform for 50 years."
    },
    {
      "id":"mckinley","name":"McKinley Tariff","year":1890,"endYear":1894,"rate":"49.5%",
      "context":"Named after future President William McKinley. Raised tariffs on nearly all imports to the highest peacetime level. Intended to protect American workers and farms.",
      "impact":"Consumer prices spiked. Republicans lost the House in 1890 midterms by a landslide. McKinley himself lost his House seat. Demonstrated the political risk of high tariffs."
    },
    {
      "id":"smoot-hawley","name":"Smoot-Hawley Tariff","year":1930,"endYear":1934,"rate":"59.1%",
      "context":"The most infamous tariff in history. Passed despite a petition from 1,028 economists urging President Hoover to veto it. Raised tariffs on over 20,000 imported goods.",
      "impact":"Global trade collapsed by 66%. Over 60 countries retaliated with their own tariffs. Widely credited with deepening and prolonging the Great Depression. US imports fell from $4.4B to $1.3B."
    },
    {
      "id":"gatt","name":"GATT Founded","year":1947,"endYear":1967,"rate":"25% → 13%",
      "context":"The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade created a framework for multilateral tariff reduction. 23 countries agreed to 45,000 tariff concessions.",
      "impact":"Launched the era of trade liberalization. World trade grew 8% annually through the 1950s-60s. US manufacturing boomed as export markets opened."
    },
    {
      "id":"kennedy","name":"Kennedy Round","year":1967,"endYear":1979,"rate":"8.5%",
      "context":"Named after President Kennedy, who pushed for across-the-board tariff cuts. The first GATT round to move beyond item-by-item negotiations to formula-based cuts.",
      "impact":"Cut tariffs by an average of 35% across industrial goods. Covered $40B in trade. Set the pattern for future multilateral negotiations."
    },
    {
      "id":"tokyo","name":"Tokyo Round","year":1979,"endYear":1986,"rate":"5.7%",
      "context":"The first GATT round to address non-tariff barriers like subsidies and government procurement rules. 102 countries participated.",
      "impact":"Further reduced tariffs by about one-third. For the first time, addressed the hidden barriers that had replaced tariffs as the main trade obstacle."
    },
    {
      "id":"wto","name":"WTO Established","year":1995,"endYear":2002,"rate":"4.3%",
      "context":"The World Trade Organization replaced GATT with a permanent institution. Added dispute resolution, intellectual property protections, and services trade rules.",
      "impact":"Global trade surged. China joined in 2001, integrating 1.3 billion people into the world trading system. US tariff rates hit historic lows."
    },
    {
      "id":"bush-steel","name":"Bush Steel Tariffs","year":2002,"endYear":2003,"rate":"Up to 30%",
      "context":"President George W. Bush imposed tariffs of 8-30% on imported steel to protect the US steel industry. The EU and other countries immediately challenged them at the WTO.",
      "impact":"WTO ruled them illegal. The EU threatened $2.2B in retaliatory tariffs. Bush withdrew them after 21 months. Studies found they cost 200,000 jobs in steel-using industries while protecting 180,000 steel jobs."
    },
    {
      "id":"obama-tires","name":"Obama Tire Tariffs","year":2009,"endYear":2012,"rate":"35%",
      "context":"President Obama imposed tariffs on Chinese tires under a special WTO safeguard mechanism. Designed to protect US tire manufacturing jobs from a surge in Chinese imports.",
      "impact":"Saved roughly 1,200 tire jobs at a cost of $900,000 per job. Consumers paid $1.1B more for tires. China retaliated against US chicken exports, costing poultry farmers $1B."
    },
    {
      "id":"trump-1","name":"Trump 1.0 Trade War","year":2018,"endYear":2021,"rate":"~19% on China",
      "context":"President Trump launched the largest trade war since Smoot-Hawley, imposing tariffs on $380B of Chinese goods plus steel and aluminum from most countries. Justified under national security provisions (Section 232) and unfair trade practices (Section 301).",
      "impact":"American businesses paid $80B+ in tariffs. Manufacturing employment was flat. Farm exports to China halved, requiring $28B in emergency bailouts. Consumer prices rose measurably."
    },
    {
      "id":"trump-2","name":"Trump 2.0 Universal Tariffs","year":2025,"endYear":2026,"rate":"10-145%",
      "context":"President Trump's second term brought universal baseline tariffs of 10% on all imports, 145% on China, 25% on autos, and reciprocal tariffs on dozens of countries. The highest US tariff rates since the 1930s.",
      "impact":"Yale Budget Lab estimates the average household faces $3,800 in annual costs. GDP projected to decline 0.5-1.0%. Consumer prices rising 2-3%. Global supply chains disrupted. Multiple countries retaliating."
    }
  ]
}